-
1 Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 25 April 1817 Paris, Franced. 29 April 1879 Paris, France[br]French amateur phonetician, who developed a recorder for sound waves.[br]He was the descendant of a Scottish family who emigrated to France in 1688. He trained as a printer and later became a proof corrector in printing houses catering predominantly for scientific publishers. He became interested in shorthand systems and eventually turned his interest to making a permanent record of sounds in air. At the time it was already known (Young, Duhamel, Wertheim) to record vibrations of bodies. He made a theoretical study and deposited under sealed wrapper a note in the Académie des Sciences on 26 January 1857. He approached the scientific instrument maker Froment and was able to pay for the manufacture of one instrument due to support from the Société d'Encouragement à l'Industrie Nationale. This funding body obtained a positive report from the physicist Lissajous on 6 January 1858. A new model phonautograph was constructed in collaboration with the leading scientific instrument maker in Paris at the time, Rudolph Koenig, and a contract was signed in 1859. The instrument was a success, and Koenig published a collection of traces in 1864.Although the membrane was parallel to the rotating surface, a primitive lever system generated lateral movements of a bristle which scratched curves in a thin layer of lampblack on the rotating surface. The curves were not necessarily representative of the vibrations in the air. Scott did not imagine the need for reproducing a recorded sound; rather, his intention was to obtain a trace that would lend itself to mathematical analysis and visual recognition of sounds. Obviously the latter did not require the same degree of linearity as the former. When Scott learned that similar apparatus had been built independently in the USA, he requested that his sealed wrapper be opened on 15 July 1861 in order to prove his scientific priority. The contract with Koenig left Scott without influence over his instrument, and eventually he became convinced that everyone else, including Edison in the end, had stolen his invention. Towards the end of his life he became interested mainly in the history of printing, and he was involved in the publishing of a series of books about books.[br]Bibliography25 March 1857, amended 29 July 1859, French patent no. 31,470.Further ReadingP.Charbon, 1878, Scott de Martinville, Paris: Hifi Stereo, pp. 199–205 (a good biography produced at the time of the centenary of the Edison phonograph).V.J.Philips, 1987, Waveforms, Bristol: Adam Hilger, pp. 45–8 (provides a good account of the importance of his contributions to accurate measurements of temporal phenomena).GB-NBiographical history of technology > Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon
-
2 Martinville, Edouard-Léon Scott de
Biographical history of technology > Martinville, Edouard-Léon Scott de
-
3 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
4 Recording
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]
См. также в других словарях:
Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville — Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scott. Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville. Édouard Léon … Wikipédia en Français
Édouard-léon scott de martinville — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scott. Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville. Édouard Léon … Wikipédia en Français
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scott. Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville. Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville, né le 25 avr … Wikipédia en Français
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville — (25 April 1817 ndash; 26 April 1879) was a French printer and bookseller who lived in Paris. He invented the earliest known sound recording device, the phonautograph, which was patented on March 25, 1857, as French patent #17,897/31,470. [cite… … Wikipedia
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville — Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville. El fon … Wikipedia Español
Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville — Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville (* 1817 in Paris; † 26. April 1879 in Paris) war ein in Paris lebender französischer Drucker und Buchhändler und gilt als der Erfinder des Phonautographen. Leon Scott, der Erfinder des Phonautographen Leben Er… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville — Leon Scott, der Erfinder des Phonautographen Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville (* 25. April 1817 in Paris; † 26. April 1879 in Paris) war ein in Paris lebender französischer Drucker und Buchhändler und gilt als der Erfinder des Phonautographen … Deutsch Wikipedia
Martinville — ist der Name von Édouard Léon Scott de Martinville (1817–1879), französischer Drucker und Buchhändler, gilt als der Erfinder des Phonautographen Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Martinville (Alabama) Martinville (Arkansas) Martinville… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Scott (Familienname) — Scott ist ein verbreiteter Familienname; für den schottischen Clan dieses Namens siehe Scott (Clan). Bekannte Namensträger Inhaltsverzeichnis A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W … Deutsch Wikipedia
Scott (name) — Infobox Given Name Revised| name = Scott | imagesize = | caption = pronunciation = gender = Male | meaning = Scottish Gaels region = | origin = Gaelic related names = also a less formal name of prescott footnotes = Scott is a Gaelic surname of… … Wikipedia
Scott — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Scot. Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : « Scott », sur … Wikipédia en Français
